The Role Of Parens Patriae Within The Criminal Justice System

Introduction The emergence of the concept of parens patriae within the Criminal Justice System corresponds with the shaping of juvenile justice. Throughout history, the Criminal Justice System seldom focused on the understanding of the relationship between children and criminal responsibility and the special needs of juveniles. Despite of age, juveniles were often overlooked and were typically processed and subject to the similar punishments as adults. Consequently, juveniles placed in the same facilities as adults who committed heinous crimes were often influenced by adult criminals to engage in future crime, and end back up in courtrooms, jails, and prisons. Moreover, juveniles’ placement within the same facilities with adults had an extremely destructive effect in which some experienced rape, assault, and even death. Thus over time, the development of parens patriae became the prevailing justification for intervening in the lives of children who committed crimes or were vie wed as incorrigible . Since the 19th century, policymakers have been struggling to develop and explore new ways of responding to juveniles engaging in criminal offenses and rehabilitation. In the traditional justice system, juveniles were subject to the same types of punishments and housed in the same facilities as adult criminals. However, due to the underlying issue of increased criminalization among juveniles, their welfare, and the fact that the Bill of Rights did not apply to minors in which theShow MoreRelatedContributions of Psychology to the Juvenile Justice System1939 Words   |  8 Pagespsychology to the juvenile justice system are important and growing. In assembling this Handbook, however, our primary goal was not simply to overview most of these contributions. Rather, we approach this topic with the view that psychology’s most important contributions to juvenile justice are interdisciplinary and empirical. One cannot expect to make meaningful contributions t o our legal system without recognizing the nature and structure of applicable law. Within that context, however, areRead MoreEssay about History of the Juvenile Justice System2644 Words   |  11 Pagesthe juvenile justice system and how it has come to be what it is today. When a juvenile offender commits a crime and is sentenced to jail or reform school, the offender goes to a separate jail or reforming place than an adult. It hasn’t always been this way. Until the early 1800’s juveniles were tried just like everyone else. Today, that is not the case. This paper will explain the reforms that have taken place within the criminal justice system that developed the juvenile justice system. Before theRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System1313 Words   |  6 Pages Today s concept of the juvenile justice system is relatively new due to significant modifications in policy overtime. The justice system has been trying to figure out effective ways to treat juvenile criminal offenders successfully for years. The justice system did not always have a special category for juveniles and their crime. Juveniles was once treated as adults when they committed crimes and were subjected to harsh punishments. The juvenile court was the culmination of efforts of the positivistRead MoreShould Juvenile Be Tried As An Adult? Essay1887 Words   |  8 Pagescentury, all criminals young and old suffered the same fate. Partly because â€Å"†¦few other options existed, youth of all ages and genders were often indiscriminately confined with hardened adult criminals and the mentally ill in large overcrowded and decrepit penal institutions;† (CITE SOURCE) social reformers required thi s to change. Thus, The New York House of Refuge was developed by Thomas Eddy and John Griscom in 1825. This was the first institution created to house delinquents. Parens Patriae (ParentRead MoreShould A Juvenile Be Tried As An Adult? Essay1884 Words   |  8 Pages all criminals young and old suffered the same fate. It was partly because â€Å"†¦few other options existed, youth of all ages and genders were often indiscriminately confined with hardened adult criminals and the mentally ill in large overcrowded and decrepit penal institutions.† (cjcj.org) Social reformers required this to change. Thus, The New York House of Refuge was developed by Thomas Eddy and John Griscom in 1825. This was the first institution created to house delinquents. Parens Patriae (ParentRead MoreCriminal Justice And The Juvenile Justice System1689 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to Criminal Justice Criminal Justice is such a broad subject and workforce. At this point in time criminal justice is needed more than ever in America and the world as we know it today. The criminal justice system has improved more and more throughout history by changing something as simple as law enforcement officer’s purpose and who they are taking orders from. The objective of this analysis is to break down these three criminal justice subjects: the juvenile justice system, prison lifeRead MoreThe Abolition Of The Juvenile Justice System1748 Words   |  7 Pagesfor illegal behaviour that are committed by youths. This is a court system that fully distinguishes youths from adults as far as crime is concerned where their misconduct is labeled as delinquent acts rather than crime (Barry, 1987, p. 476). Youth are presumed to have less understanding of social norms and they are less aware of the long-term consequences of their behaviour. Unlike punishment or reprimanding, the juvenile court syste m acts as a rehabilitation facility for youth offenders (Barry,1993Read MoreJuvenile Crime Issues in Today’s Criminal Justice System18893 Words   |  76 Pagesaccused has these common law, constitutional, statutory, and humanitarian rights that may be threatened by technological advances and other developments:  ©  ©  ©  © chapter 15 Juvenile Justice chapter 16 Drugs and Crime chapter 17 Terrorism and Multinational Criminal Justice chapter 18 The Future of Criminal Justice These individual rights must be effectively balanced against these present and emerging community concerns: Widespread drug abuse among youth The threat of juvenile crime Urban gangRead More Americas Juvenile Justice System Essay3756 Words   |  16 PagesThe Juvenile Justice system, since its conception over a century ago, has been one at conflict with itself. Originally conceived as a fatherly entity intervening into the lives of the troubled urban youths, it has since been transformed into a rigid and adversarial arena restrained by the demands of personal liberty and due process. The nature of a juveniles experience within the juvenile justice system has come almost full circle from being treated as an adult, then as an unaccountable child, nowRead MoreThe Conflicting Tensions Of The Juvenile Justice System3706 Words   |  15 Pages The Conflicting Tensions of the Juvenile Justice System Alisa Koyama SW 500 University of Washington During the Progressive Era - a period of industrialization, capitalism, and stratification of the class system - reformers helped establish the juvenile justice system as a way to decrease the rising juvenile crimes while also maintaining the dignity of the ‘uncontaminated’ and therefore deserving youth (Platt, 1977; Peirce, 1869). However, in reality, the complicated nature of working with

How Basketball Is So Great - 1035 Words

Davis Benefield Kirkland English 1101 15 September 2015 Basketball Bump bump bump. Sweat drops from my brow 70- 70 on the free throw line for the win. It is up and good. Special moments like this is why basketball is so great. Basketball is a young and expanding sport, with a unique beginning, that is enjoyed by millions everyday. Basketball was founded by Dr. James Naismith. It all started in a small-town YMCA gym in Springfield, Massachusetts. Dr. Naismith was challenged to create a new game that could be played indoors in the cold Massachusetts winters to provide an athletic distraction to an overall disruptive group of students. Naismith was inspired by a game he had played as a child called â€Å"duck on a rock,† in which players lobbed a small rock at a duck placed on top of a large rock in an attempt to knock the duck off. Using a soccer ball, two peach baskets placed 10 feet up in the air, nine players on each team, and a set of 13 basic rules, Dr. Naismith invented the game of basketball. The first game was played on December 21, 1891. One of the rules that defers from now is that originally the ball could only be moved forward by passing there was no such thing as what is now called â€Å"dribbling†. When the game was invented they used baskets as the rims (hence the name basketball). The original rules also had nine players on each team and because there was no such thing as a basketball they used a soccer ball. Dribbling was added in 1892 and most peopleShow MoreRelatedBasketball Is A Sport For The Campus Of Eastern Michigan University ( Emu )1145 Words   |  5 PagesBasketball is a sport that requires a lot of time and effort to be good at. It’s a sport that keeps some people in shape, some people involved with a community, and gives others an opportunity to meet new people. The recreation basketball community I am looking into is the one on the campus of Eastern Michigan University (EMU). Every day there is a multitude of people playing basketball in either the Recreation Center (REC) or on the courts outside of the student center. The people that makeRead MoreSpeech On The Game Of Basketball1118 Words   |  5 Pages17, 2015 Informative Speech Outline Preparation I. General Purpose: To inform II. Specific Purpose: To inform the class on how to shoot a basketball. III. Central Idea: The game of basketball has greatly changed since it was invented, but one thing remains constant: You need to know how to shoot a basketball. Introduction I. Open with Impact: The game of basketball is a multimillion-dollar industry and is an easy sport to play. The sport has gained worldwide popularity because it can be playedRead MoreSpeech About Basketball759 Words   |  4 PagesWriting- 3 December 19, 2017 The World of Basketball As I watched the basketball game I could hear the ref blowing his whistle every 10 seconds. I could smell the salty sweat dripping from the players forehead. Basketball is a fun and hard core sport that you can play with your friends, and against your peers. Today you will learn about how basketball is appealing, a both gender sport, good for your health, has great history, and will have a great future. Read MoreWhy Basketball Helps You : Basketball852 Words   |  4 PagesWhy basketball helps you Basketball is a well-known sport that is played almost everywhere: at school, home, parks, and other places. Basketball is the easiest sport to play, and enjoy with friends. Basketball can help you reach your goals mentally by making you more aware of your surroundings and helping you be more alert of school assignment, other work outside of school, and physically by staying in shape by going to the gym and working out or by just running. Some explanations of how basketballRead MoreJohn Updikes Poem Ex-Basketball Player1225 Words   |  5 Pages Ex-Basketball Player Most everyone has had an extraordinary dream; for some, it is to be a movie star or to be on a professional sports team. Nevertheless, while great goals they are, they are not likely. For example, about 1 and 70,000 people become a major movie star (study.com). Additionally, the likelihood of entering the NBA from high school is 3 and 100,000 (ehow.com). Therefore, the great majority are obligated to find something else to pursue. As a result of peoples dreamsRead MoreMarch Madness1402 Words   |  6 Pagesexciting months of the year, especially for people who love basketball. St. Patrick’s Day arrives, the warmth is just starting to come back; but that is not the best part, it’s all the March Madness. The NCAA Basketball Tournament brings happiness, laughter and upsets to some people and teams. Every Division 1 Basketball team in the country plays to eventually make it to the Sweet Sixteen on the bracket, in hopes of being the new NCAA Basketball Champions. Some team s struggle, while others come out onRead MoreThe National Basketball Association ( Nba )760 Words   |  4 Pagesexposing diverse population playing its sport is the National Basketball Association (NBA). The sports league that I feel does the worst job of exposing diverse populations to playing its sport is the National Hockey League (NHL). The NBA consists of a variety of people from different cultures and ethnical backgrounds that play the game. Many great NBA players have come from different cultures and had a great career playing basketball for the NBA such as Pau Gasol who is from Spain, Manu GinobiliRead MoreMy Love Of Basketball1060 Words   |  5 PagesBasketball is my favorite sport because of how it is played and the style that the sport includes. I love basketball and it all started with my friend Brendon, at the time I was playing soccer before I found Brendon outside shooting a ball into a net I asked him what he was doing and he said playing basketball. I asked him if I could play with him and he said yes, at that moment I knew I would love basketball. Thats when I converted over from soccer to basketball, I would practice basketballRead MoreThe Gym Is Located On E Law Lane Essay1591 Words   |  7 Pagesthat played basketball in the SRSC. The gym is located on E Law Lane. For the most part, I only saw males playing basketball in the rooms with the basketball courts in them so, that group was who I chose to focus on. I ended up asking close to 10 people if they would be willing to be interviewed about the sport but, most of them had schedule conflicts or didn’t want to take part in it. Once I found a willing participant who was eager to talk about his experience with playing basketball, the interviewsRead MoreHigh School Basketball Is The Most Memorable Moments Of All For Me849 Words   |  4 Pagesa high school basketball game is one of the most memorable moments of all for me. So much hard work was placed into this game and to come out as the winner, that moment filled me with joy. I practiced so hard pre-season in the gym going to my local recreational center to shoot hoops just to hone my skills. I have always had the passion for this sport even as a young kid at one point I believed I will be playing in the NBA because I was so determined. But this particular moment was so intense I do

Non-Monetary Rewards in the Workplace Free Essays

Managers of different industries and organizations have been finding ways to create a motivational workplace. Defining motivation, it is â€Å"that which gives impetus to our behavior by arousing, sustaining, and directing it toward the attainment of goals† (Wortman and Loftus, 1992 p.353). We will write a custom essay sample on Non-Monetary Rewards in the Workplace or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order for a business organization to achieve its objectives, therefore, there should be some motivations in the workplace that will drive its employees to accomplish such objectives. Companies may aim to improve the quality and productivity of the business primarily for increased profitability. Personally, employees may have their own motivators that drive them to perform their jobs better. Older employees are motivated by the insurance and pensions they will get upon retirement while others are motivated by the increase in salary as the years of their stay in the company increases. What makes motivation very important is that when it has been very effective, the business and its workers will mutually benefit; that is they will both achieve their goals. For businesses, turn over rate will decrease and productivity may increase. What also makes it a hard task for the managers is that employees have different behaviors and attitudes towards work, thus different motivations are needed in order to satisfy the employees. The most common type of motivation is reward. Rewards are given to motivate employees to improve their performance or simply to avoid dissatisfaction among employees. Rewards may be monetary or non-monetary. The purpose of monetary rewards is to acknowledge employees’ excellent job through money. Money has been an effective motivator because people are motivated first by the desire to secure first-level needs of food and shelter for survival (Creech, 1995). Aside from that, one of the primary reasons why people work is to earn money and improve their economic status. Monetary rewards or incentives include salary increase, profit sharing, project bonuses, stock options and warrants, scheduled bonuses and additional paid vacation time (Ballentine et al, 2003 p.1). However, people’s needs are not only material things. There are also other needs that are needed to be satisfied such as the need to learn, to be challenged, to improve skills, improve social status, and the need for other opportunities. These needs are basically what make people self satisfied and fulfilled. Non-Monetary Rewards Non-monetary rewards are important employee motivators. As many people say, there are certain things that money cannot buy and these are sometimes more important to people. According to Kohn (1993 on Ballentine et al, 2003), monetary incentives encourage compliance rather than risk-taking because most rewards are based only on performance. On the other hand, non-monetary rewards are recognition of an excellent job which do not involve money but are still satisfying and motivating to employees with the purpose of creating opportunities to the employees. Non-monetary rewards include: (1) opportunity to learn, develop and advance as an employee; (2) flexible hours; (3) Recognition; (4) the opportunity to contribute; and (5) independence and autonomy (Anonymous, 2006). Opportunity to Learn, Develop and Advance The opportunity to learn, develop and advance can be considered as opportunity for growth. Creech (1995) describes growth as to the mental abilities of employees. Promotion is one means of growth but there are also other ways that employees can learn and grow aside from moving out of their current position. Training, for example, are provided to employees who have showed exemplary performance. Some companies even send their employees abroad for special seminars and trainings to further enhance their skills while other companies have provided scholarships and send their employees to universities to make them more educated. Another way of rewarding an employee is by giving him more complex and challenging tasks that will help improve his skills giving employees a certain feeling of achievement. Flexible Hours Having flexible hours is rewarding to employees in such a way that they can have more time with other obligations. It will be rewarding for good employees if they can have time for other important things such as the family, a part-time job, hobbies and social life. Even the most dedicated employees may feel like slaves and may lose interest with their jobs if all their time will be spent working for the company alone but those who can have time for their selves can be more enthusiastic. Recognition It is very important for an employee’s excellent job to be appreciated and recognized. Recognition as a reward should be earned directly through the job (Creech, 1995) and must be in the form of merit so that employees know efforts are being observed and appreciated by management (Anonymous, 1994). Recognition may be in the form of â€Å"pat in the back†, verbal praise, or written praise (in the form of letter or certificate). There are even some companies that announce the reward publicly by holding ceremonies annually or quarterly in recognition of outstanding employees such as awards for the most prolific employees, the most loyal, most innovative and so on. In this way, employees are more motivated knowing that their good performances are recognized. Opportunity to Contribute Employees feel rewarded when they know that they have good contributions in the workplace. They can even more contribute to the organization when they are given more responsibilities and when they know that their contributions are being valued. This reward involves having to work in a team, working closely with the people in the upper level of the business organizations such as the management, and having your ideas being heard and considered with regards to the decisions made in the company. This kind of reward is commonly given to innovative and creative employees who always have new ideas to contribute to product development and productivity. Independence and Autonomy Exemplary employees are usually given the independence and autonomy because the management trusts them that can accomplish their jobs without supervision and help of others. This reward is commonly given to employees who are good in decision making, can handle pressure and can finish the job on time effectively. It is a rewarding and comfortable feeling for an employee when there is no supervisor or other employees that always looks after his works while employers can save time and money when they have workers who can work independently. Conclusion Although monetary rewards have been traditionally effective as a motivator in a workplace, non-monetary rewards are also important in meeting the other needs of the employees. Non-monetary rewards satisfy and eliminate unhappiness in the workplace by providing employee self-fulfillment, growth, and a feeling of achievement, making them more motivated to perform their jobs better. Therefore, in a workplace, there should be a balance of monetary and non-monetary rewards which motivates employees in different effective ways. References: Anonymous (1994) Personnel Practices/Communications. Human Resources Management. Chicago: Commerce Clearing House Inc., Anonymous, Top Five Non Monetary Items Employees Want in a Workplace Retrieved online on October 12, 2006 http://www.recognitionrewards.com/top_five_items.htm Ballentine, Andrew, McKenzie, Nora, Wysocki, Allen Kepner, Karl (2003), The Role of Monetary and Non-Monetary Incentives in the Workplace as Influenced by Career Stage, EDIS, Department of Food and Resource Economics, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Creech, Regina (1995), Employee Motivation, Management Quarterly, Volume 36, Issue 2 Wortman, Camille B. and Elizabeth F. Loftus. (1992) Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. How to cite Non-Monetary Rewards in the Workplace, Essay examples

This Section of the Report Focuses on the Principles Corporate Governa

Question: How Wesfarmers has been operating the Australian and New Zealand ? Answer: Introduction Wesfarmers has been operating the Australian and New Zealand markets in the chemical, mining and retail industries along with the markets for industrial and safety products. The organization is the largest company in Australia with close to 66 billion Australian Dollars revenue as per the analysis of 2016 financial year. To maintain this leadership in the corresponding markets, the management of Wesfarmers should implement effective and efficient corporate governance in the workplace, which in turn provides the employees with a set of guidelines to carry out and excel in their daily activities. Good corporate governance will allow Wesfarmers to have better control on all of its resources and better management of all its business activities. This report focuses on corporate governance which can be implemented in the workplace of Wesfarmers in order to yield a lot of value out of it and to enhance its business processes (Beekes, 2015). Principles This section of the report focuses on the principles on which the corporate governance of Wesfarmers will be based on. These principles define the guidelines to be defined as part of the corporate governance and the policies to be implemented in the workplace of the organization. These principles are mentioned below. Customer and stakeholder focus This principle allows the business model of Wesfarmers to focus on the needs and requirements of the customers and stakeholders. These needs are put at the highest priority by all the business processes of the organization, which in turn allows the customers and stakeholders to have pleasant experiences with the organization (Claessens, 2013). Equality The corporate governance should ensure that all the employees in the workplace of Wesfarmers should be treated equally. This in turn will allow the management of Wesfarmers to have a strong and motivated workforce (Larcker, 2015). Transparency All the information in the workplace of Wesfarmers will be transparent as per the corporate governance, which in turn will allow the organization to have an efficient flow of information throughout the organization. This allows the organization to maintain a strong workforce having complete knowledge of the business processes of the organization (Christensen, 2015). Business ethics This principle of the corporate governance focuses on the integrity and ethical behavior of the employees in Wesfarmers. The corporate governance will allow the employees to be integral to the organization and to have ethical behavior in the workplace (Chan, 2014). Governance model This section of the report focuses on the model of the corporate governance to be used in the workplace of Wesfarmers. Dual board The dual board model of the corporate governance will allow Wesfarmers to improve its business processes to a significant extent. With this dual board governance model, the higher management of Wesfarmers will report to the board of directors and the board of directors will be supervised by a board of supervisors (Larcker, 2015). The board of directors and supervisors will be two independent entities responsible for carrying out their duties separately. This in turn allows both the boards to have separate business activities. Board of directors This board consists of a representative of the higher management, chief executive officer and chief operational officer along with a group of executive and non-executive directors responsible for providing their opinion and suggestions. This board will have the responsibilities for designing, envisioning and approving various business strategies and policies (Tricker, 2015). The higher management of Wesfarmers will report to the board of directors about the status and operations of various departments in the business model of the organization. The board of directors will control most of the critical business decisions and will include the higher management and line management along with the individual employees in most of the decision making processes (Kim, 2013). Board of supervisors The board of supervisors of Wesfarmers consists of the members elected by the employees of the organization. These members will be responsible for monitoring the board of directors and following their decision making process. This in turn allows the board of supervisors to ensure that the board of directors is not misusing the available power and is following the corporate governance implemented in the workplace of the organization (Iliev, 2015). The board of supervisors will consist of previous executive and non-executive directors of Wesfarmers along with the representatives elected by the employees of the organization and from different departments. Legislations and regulations The corporate governance will have a major role in maintaining the adherence of Wesfarmers to the legislations and regulations applicable to the corresponding industry and market. This in turn will allow the management of the organization to ensure legal and efficient business processes of the organization. Some of these legislations and regulations are mentioned in this section of the report. Corporations Act 2001 Australian Securities and Investments Act 2001 These legislations are collectively known as Australian corporation law, which in turn defines the restrictions and guidelines for the business processes of any corporate body in the Australian markets. The corporate governance of Wesfarmers will ensure the adherence of all of the business processes to the Australian corporation law (Miglani, 2015). Along with the Australian corporation law, the business processes of Wesfarmers will adhere to the anti-corruption, the bribery act and the foreign corrupt practices act. These are a few of the legislations kept in focus by the corporate governance of Wesfarmers (Hay, 2016). Audit process The audit process is one of the major components of the corporate governance to be implemented in Wesfarmers, which covers all the business processes of the organization. The corporate governance of Wesfarmers will create an audit committee with the representatives from the employees and higher management along with a few of the directors of the organization (Bell, 2014). This committee will be responsible for auditing the business processes of the organization in regular time periods. These audit processes will be analyzed on the basis of a number of factors to define the principles of the corporate governance and to monitor the performance of the business processes on the basis of these principles. So, the audit processes included in the corporate governance of Wesfarmers will include the activities of checking whether equality, transparency and business ethics are maintained in the workplace along with customer and stakeholder focus (Bain, 2016). Board committees The corporate governance of Wesfarmers will allow the creation of several other committees in the workplace of the organization in order to support the activities of the board of directors and the board of supervisors. These committees are mentioned in this section of the report. Audit committee Responsible for the audit processes carried out in the workplace to monitor the adherence of the business processes to the government policies CSR committee Responsible for setting the CSR goals and carrying out the CSR activities as part of the business model of Wesfarmers (Young, 2014) Investment committee Responsible for all the investment decisions taken by the organization and works with the board of directors to finalize the investments Nomination committee Responsible for the nomination processes carried out in different departments of Wesfarmers, which in turn leads to various critical business decision making processes Remuneration committee Responsible for the management of the remunerations of the human resources in the workplace of Wesfarmers Risk committee Responsible for the identification, analysis and management of the risks in the business processes of Wesfarmers along with the recommendations provided to the board of directors to create or update the organizational policies (Whincop, 2017) Conclusion This corporate governance will allow the management of Wesfarmers to streamline the business processes in the workplace of the organization. As mentioned in the report, the corporate governance of Wesfarmers will focus on all the components of its business model, which in turn will allow the management to ensure effective and efficient execution of the business processes in the workplace of Wesfarmers. So, the implementation of this corporate governance in the workplace of Wesfarmers will in turn lead to enhancement of the business processes in terms of quality and performance, which leads to more profit. This corporate governance will allow Wesfarmers to yield more revenue out of the business processes and to gain leadership in the corresponding industries and markets (ArAs, 2016). References ArAs, G. (2016).A handbook of corporate governance and social responsibility. CRC Press. Bain, N., Band, D. (2016).Winning ways through corporate governance. Springer. Beekes, W., Brown, P., Zhang, Q. (2015). Corporate governance and the informativeness of disclosures in Australia: a re?examination.Accounting Finance,55(4), 931-963. Bell, R. G., Filatotchev, I., Aguilera, R. V. (2014). Corporate governance and investors' perceptions of foreign IPO value: An institutional perspective.Academy of Management Journal,57(1), 301-320. Chan, M. C., Watson, J., Woodliff, D. (2014). Corporate governance quality and CSR disclosures.Journal of Business Ethics,125(1), 59-73. Christensen, J., Kent, P., Routledge, J., Stewart, J. (2015). Do corporate governance recommendations improve the performance and accountability of small listed companies?.Accounting Finance,55(1), 133-164. Claessens, S., Yurtoglu, B. B. (2013). Corporate governance in emerging markets: A survey.Emerging markets review,15, 1-33. Hay, D., Stewart, J., Botica Redmayne, N. (2016). The Role of Auditing in Corporate Governance in Australia and New Zealand: A Research Synthesis. Kim, E. H., Lu, Y. (2013). Corporate governance reforms around the world and cross-border acquisitions.Journal of Corporate Finance,22, 236-253. Larcker, D., Tayan, B. (2015).Corporate governance matters: A closer look at organizational choices and their consequences. Pearson Education. Iliev, P., Lins, K. V., Miller, D. P., Roth, L. (2015). Shareholder voting and corporate governance around the world.Review of Financial Studies,28(8), 2167-2202. Miglani, S., Ahmed, K., Henry, D. (2015). Voluntary corporate governance structure and financial distress: Evidence from Australia.Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics,11(1), 18-30. Tricker, R. B., Tricker, R. I. (2015).Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA. Whincop, M. J. (2017).Corporate governance in government corporations. Routledge. Young, S., Thyil, V. (2014). Corporate social responsibility and corporate governance: Role of context in international settings.Journal of Business Ethics,122(1), 1-24.