The Role Of Parens Patriae Within The Criminal Justice System

Introduction The emergence of the concept of parens patriae within the Criminal Justice System corresponds with the shaping of juvenile justice. Throughout history, the Criminal Justice System seldom focused on the understanding of the relationship between children and criminal responsibility and the special needs of juveniles. Despite of age, juveniles were often overlooked and were typically processed and subject to the similar punishments as adults. Consequently, juveniles placed in the same facilities as adults who committed heinous crimes were often influenced by adult criminals to engage in future crime, and end back up in courtrooms, jails, and prisons. Moreover, juveniles’ placement within the same facilities with adults had an extremely destructive effect in which some experienced rape, assault, and even death. Thus over time, the development of parens patriae became the prevailing justification for intervening in the lives of children who committed crimes or were vie wed as incorrigible . Since the 19th century, policymakers have been struggling to develop and explore new ways of responding to juveniles engaging in criminal offenses and rehabilitation. In the traditional justice system, juveniles were subject to the same types of punishments and housed in the same facilities as adult criminals. However, due to the underlying issue of increased criminalization among juveniles, their welfare, and the fact that the Bill of Rights did not apply to minors in which theShow MoreRelatedContributions of Psychology to the Juvenile Justice System1939 Words   |  8 Pagespsychology to the juvenile justice system are important and growing. In assembling this Handbook, however, our primary goal was not simply to overview most of these contributions. Rather, we approach this topic with the view that psychology’s most important contributions to juvenile justice are interdisciplinary and empirical. One cannot expect to make meaningful contributions t o our legal system without recognizing the nature and structure of applicable law. Within that context, however, areRead MoreEssay about History of the Juvenile Justice System2644 Words   |  11 Pagesthe juvenile justice system and how it has come to be what it is today. When a juvenile offender commits a crime and is sentenced to jail or reform school, the offender goes to a separate jail or reforming place than an adult. It hasn’t always been this way. Until the early 1800’s juveniles were tried just like everyone else. Today, that is not the case. This paper will explain the reforms that have taken place within the criminal justice system that developed the juvenile justice system. Before theRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System1313 Words   |  6 Pages Today s concept of the juvenile justice system is relatively new due to significant modifications in policy overtime. The justice system has been trying to figure out effective ways to treat juvenile criminal offenders successfully for years. The justice system did not always have a special category for juveniles and their crime. Juveniles was once treated as adults when they committed crimes and were subjected to harsh punishments. The juvenile court was the culmination of efforts of the positivistRead MoreShould Juvenile Be Tried As An Adult? Essay1887 Words   |  8 Pagescentury, all criminals young and old suffered the same fate. Partly because â€Å"†¦few other options existed, youth of all ages and genders were often indiscriminately confined with hardened adult criminals and the mentally ill in large overcrowded and decrepit penal institutions;† (CITE SOURCE) social reformers required thi s to change. Thus, The New York House of Refuge was developed by Thomas Eddy and John Griscom in 1825. This was the first institution created to house delinquents. Parens Patriae (ParentRead MoreShould A Juvenile Be Tried As An Adult? Essay1884 Words   |  8 Pages all criminals young and old suffered the same fate. It was partly because â€Å"†¦few other options existed, youth of all ages and genders were often indiscriminately confined with hardened adult criminals and the mentally ill in large overcrowded and decrepit penal institutions.† (cjcj.org) Social reformers required this to change. Thus, The New York House of Refuge was developed by Thomas Eddy and John Griscom in 1825. This was the first institution created to house delinquents. Parens Patriae (ParentRead MoreCriminal Justice And The Juvenile Justice System1689 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to Criminal Justice Criminal Justice is such a broad subject and workforce. At this point in time criminal justice is needed more than ever in America and the world as we know it today. The criminal justice system has improved more and more throughout history by changing something as simple as law enforcement officer’s purpose and who they are taking orders from. The objective of this analysis is to break down these three criminal justice subjects: the juvenile justice system, prison lifeRead MoreThe Abolition Of The Juvenile Justice System1748 Words   |  7 Pagesfor illegal behaviour that are committed by youths. This is a court system that fully distinguishes youths from adults as far as crime is concerned where their misconduct is labeled as delinquent acts rather than crime (Barry, 1987, p. 476). Youth are presumed to have less understanding of social norms and they are less aware of the long-term consequences of their behaviour. Unlike punishment or reprimanding, the juvenile court syste m acts as a rehabilitation facility for youth offenders (Barry,1993Read MoreJuvenile Crime Issues in Today’s Criminal Justice System18893 Words   |  76 Pagesaccused has these common law, constitutional, statutory, and humanitarian rights that may be threatened by technological advances and other developments:  ©  ©  ©  © chapter 15 Juvenile Justice chapter 16 Drugs and Crime chapter 17 Terrorism and Multinational Criminal Justice chapter 18 The Future of Criminal Justice These individual rights must be effectively balanced against these present and emerging community concerns: Widespread drug abuse among youth The threat of juvenile crime Urban gangRead More Americas Juvenile Justice System Essay3756 Words   |  16 PagesThe Juvenile Justice system, since its conception over a century ago, has been one at conflict with itself. Originally conceived as a fatherly entity intervening into the lives of the troubled urban youths, it has since been transformed into a rigid and adversarial arena restrained by the demands of personal liberty and due process. The nature of a juveniles experience within the juvenile justice system has come almost full circle from being treated as an adult, then as an unaccountable child, nowRead MoreThe Conflicting Tensions Of The Juvenile Justice System3706 Words   |  15 Pages The Conflicting Tensions of the Juvenile Justice System Alisa Koyama SW 500 University of Washington During the Progressive Era - a period of industrialization, capitalism, and stratification of the class system - reformers helped establish the juvenile justice system as a way to decrease the rising juvenile crimes while also maintaining the dignity of the ‘uncontaminated’ and therefore deserving youth (Platt, 1977; Peirce, 1869). However, in reality, the complicated nature of working with

How Basketball Is So Great - 1035 Words

Davis Benefield Kirkland English 1101 15 September 2015 Basketball Bump bump bump. Sweat drops from my brow 70- 70 on the free throw line for the win. It is up and good. Special moments like this is why basketball is so great. Basketball is a young and expanding sport, with a unique beginning, that is enjoyed by millions everyday. Basketball was founded by Dr. James Naismith. It all started in a small-town YMCA gym in Springfield, Massachusetts. Dr. Naismith was challenged to create a new game that could be played indoors in the cold Massachusetts winters to provide an athletic distraction to an overall disruptive group of students. Naismith was inspired by a game he had played as a child called â€Å"duck on a rock,† in which players lobbed a small rock at a duck placed on top of a large rock in an attempt to knock the duck off. Using a soccer ball, two peach baskets placed 10 feet up in the air, nine players on each team, and a set of 13 basic rules, Dr. Naismith invented the game of basketball. The first game was played on December 21, 1891. One of the rules that defers from now is that originally the ball could only be moved forward by passing there was no such thing as what is now called â€Å"dribbling†. When the game was invented they used baskets as the rims (hence the name basketball). The original rules also had nine players on each team and because there was no such thing as a basketball they used a soccer ball. Dribbling was added in 1892 and most peopleShow MoreRelatedBasketball Is A Sport For The Campus Of Eastern Michigan University ( Emu )1145 Words   |  5 PagesBasketball is a sport that requires a lot of time and effort to be good at. It’s a sport that keeps some people in shape, some people involved with a community, and gives others an opportunity to meet new people. The recreation basketball community I am looking into is the one on the campus of Eastern Michigan University (EMU). Every day there is a multitude of people playing basketball in either the Recreation Center (REC) or on the courts outside of the student center. The people that makeRead MoreSpeech On The Game Of Basketball1118 Words   |  5 Pages17, 2015 Informative Speech Outline Preparation I. General Purpose: To inform II. Specific Purpose: To inform the class on how to shoot a basketball. III. Central Idea: The game of basketball has greatly changed since it was invented, but one thing remains constant: You need to know how to shoot a basketball. Introduction I. Open with Impact: The game of basketball is a multimillion-dollar industry and is an easy sport to play. The sport has gained worldwide popularity because it can be playedRead MoreSpeech About Basketball759 Words   |  4 PagesWriting- 3 December 19, 2017 The World of Basketball As I watched the basketball game I could hear the ref blowing his whistle every 10 seconds. I could smell the salty sweat dripping from the players forehead. Basketball is a fun and hard core sport that you can play with your friends, and against your peers. Today you will learn about how basketball is appealing, a both gender sport, good for your health, has great history, and will have a great future. Read MoreWhy Basketball Helps You : Basketball852 Words   |  4 PagesWhy basketball helps you Basketball is a well-known sport that is played almost everywhere: at school, home, parks, and other places. Basketball is the easiest sport to play, and enjoy with friends. Basketball can help you reach your goals mentally by making you more aware of your surroundings and helping you be more alert of school assignment, other work outside of school, and physically by staying in shape by going to the gym and working out or by just running. Some explanations of how basketballRead MoreJohn Updikes Poem Ex-Basketball Player1225 Words   |  5 Pages Ex-Basketball Player Most everyone has had an extraordinary dream; for some, it is to be a movie star or to be on a professional sports team. Nevertheless, while great goals they are, they are not likely. For example, about 1 and 70,000 people become a major movie star (study.com). Additionally, the likelihood of entering the NBA from high school is 3 and 100,000 (ehow.com). Therefore, the great majority are obligated to find something else to pursue. As a result of peoples dreamsRead MoreMarch Madness1402 Words   |  6 Pagesexciting months of the year, especially for people who love basketball. St. Patrick’s Day arrives, the warmth is just starting to come back; but that is not the best part, it’s all the March Madness. The NCAA Basketball Tournament brings happiness, laughter and upsets to some people and teams. Every Division 1 Basketball team in the country plays to eventually make it to the Sweet Sixteen on the bracket, in hopes of being the new NCAA Basketball Champions. Some team s struggle, while others come out onRead MoreThe National Basketball Association ( Nba )760 Words   |  4 Pagesexposing diverse population playing its sport is the National Basketball Association (NBA). The sports league that I feel does the worst job of exposing diverse populations to playing its sport is the National Hockey League (NHL). The NBA consists of a variety of people from different cultures and ethnical backgrounds that play the game. Many great NBA players have come from different cultures and had a great career playing basketball for the NBA such as Pau Gasol who is from Spain, Manu GinobiliRead MoreMy Love Of Basketball1060 Words   |  5 PagesBasketball is my favorite sport because of how it is played and the style that the sport includes. I love basketball and it all started with my friend Brendon, at the time I was playing soccer before I found Brendon outside shooting a ball into a net I asked him what he was doing and he said playing basketball. I asked him if I could play with him and he said yes, at that moment I knew I would love basketball. Thats when I converted over from soccer to basketball, I would practice basketballRead MoreThe Gym Is Located On E Law Lane Essay1591 Words   |  7 Pagesthat played basketball in the SRSC. The gym is located on E Law Lane. For the most part, I only saw males playing basketball in the rooms with the basketball courts in them so, that group was who I chose to focus on. I ended up asking close to 10 people if they would be willing to be interviewed about the sport but, most of them had schedule conflicts or didn’t want to take part in it. Once I found a willing participant who was eager to talk about his experience with playing basketball, the interviewsRead MoreHigh School Basketball Is The Most Memorable Moments Of All For Me849 Words   |  4 Pagesa high school basketball game is one of the most memorable moments of all for me. So much hard work was placed into this game and to come out as the winner, that moment filled me with joy. I practiced so hard pre-season in the gym going to my local recreational center to shoot hoops just to hone my skills. I have always had the passion for this sport even as a young kid at one point I believed I will be playing in the NBA because I was so determined. But this particular moment was so intense I do

Non-Monetary Rewards in the Workplace Free Essays

Managers of different industries and organizations have been finding ways to create a motivational workplace. Defining motivation, it is â€Å"that which gives impetus to our behavior by arousing, sustaining, and directing it toward the attainment of goals† (Wortman and Loftus, 1992 p.353). We will write a custom essay sample on Non-Monetary Rewards in the Workplace or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order for a business organization to achieve its objectives, therefore, there should be some motivations in the workplace that will drive its employees to accomplish such objectives. Companies may aim to improve the quality and productivity of the business primarily for increased profitability. Personally, employees may have their own motivators that drive them to perform their jobs better. Older employees are motivated by the insurance and pensions they will get upon retirement while others are motivated by the increase in salary as the years of their stay in the company increases. What makes motivation very important is that when it has been very effective, the business and its workers will mutually benefit; that is they will both achieve their goals. For businesses, turn over rate will decrease and productivity may increase. What also makes it a hard task for the managers is that employees have different behaviors and attitudes towards work, thus different motivations are needed in order to satisfy the employees. The most common type of motivation is reward. Rewards are given to motivate employees to improve their performance or simply to avoid dissatisfaction among employees. Rewards may be monetary or non-monetary. The purpose of monetary rewards is to acknowledge employees’ excellent job through money. Money has been an effective motivator because people are motivated first by the desire to secure first-level needs of food and shelter for survival (Creech, 1995). Aside from that, one of the primary reasons why people work is to earn money and improve their economic status. Monetary rewards or incentives include salary increase, profit sharing, project bonuses, stock options and warrants, scheduled bonuses and additional paid vacation time (Ballentine et al, 2003 p.1). However, people’s needs are not only material things. There are also other needs that are needed to be satisfied such as the need to learn, to be challenged, to improve skills, improve social status, and the need for other opportunities. These needs are basically what make people self satisfied and fulfilled. Non-Monetary Rewards Non-monetary rewards are important employee motivators. As many people say, there are certain things that money cannot buy and these are sometimes more important to people. According to Kohn (1993 on Ballentine et al, 2003), monetary incentives encourage compliance rather than risk-taking because most rewards are based only on performance. On the other hand, non-monetary rewards are recognition of an excellent job which do not involve money but are still satisfying and motivating to employees with the purpose of creating opportunities to the employees. Non-monetary rewards include: (1) opportunity to learn, develop and advance as an employee; (2) flexible hours; (3) Recognition; (4) the opportunity to contribute; and (5) independence and autonomy (Anonymous, 2006). Opportunity to Learn, Develop and Advance The opportunity to learn, develop and advance can be considered as opportunity for growth. Creech (1995) describes growth as to the mental abilities of employees. Promotion is one means of growth but there are also other ways that employees can learn and grow aside from moving out of their current position. Training, for example, are provided to employees who have showed exemplary performance. Some companies even send their employees abroad for special seminars and trainings to further enhance their skills while other companies have provided scholarships and send their employees to universities to make them more educated. Another way of rewarding an employee is by giving him more complex and challenging tasks that will help improve his skills giving employees a certain feeling of achievement. Flexible Hours Having flexible hours is rewarding to employees in such a way that they can have more time with other obligations. It will be rewarding for good employees if they can have time for other important things such as the family, a part-time job, hobbies and social life. Even the most dedicated employees may feel like slaves and may lose interest with their jobs if all their time will be spent working for the company alone but those who can have time for their selves can be more enthusiastic. Recognition It is very important for an employee’s excellent job to be appreciated and recognized. Recognition as a reward should be earned directly through the job (Creech, 1995) and must be in the form of merit so that employees know efforts are being observed and appreciated by management (Anonymous, 1994). Recognition may be in the form of â€Å"pat in the back†, verbal praise, or written praise (in the form of letter or certificate). There are even some companies that announce the reward publicly by holding ceremonies annually or quarterly in recognition of outstanding employees such as awards for the most prolific employees, the most loyal, most innovative and so on. In this way, employees are more motivated knowing that their good performances are recognized. Opportunity to Contribute Employees feel rewarded when they know that they have good contributions in the workplace. They can even more contribute to the organization when they are given more responsibilities and when they know that their contributions are being valued. This reward involves having to work in a team, working closely with the people in the upper level of the business organizations such as the management, and having your ideas being heard and considered with regards to the decisions made in the company. This kind of reward is commonly given to innovative and creative employees who always have new ideas to contribute to product development and productivity. Independence and Autonomy Exemplary employees are usually given the independence and autonomy because the management trusts them that can accomplish their jobs without supervision and help of others. This reward is commonly given to employees who are good in decision making, can handle pressure and can finish the job on time effectively. It is a rewarding and comfortable feeling for an employee when there is no supervisor or other employees that always looks after his works while employers can save time and money when they have workers who can work independently. Conclusion Although monetary rewards have been traditionally effective as a motivator in a workplace, non-monetary rewards are also important in meeting the other needs of the employees. Non-monetary rewards satisfy and eliminate unhappiness in the workplace by providing employee self-fulfillment, growth, and a feeling of achievement, making them more motivated to perform their jobs better. Therefore, in a workplace, there should be a balance of monetary and non-monetary rewards which motivates employees in different effective ways. References: Anonymous (1994) Personnel Practices/Communications. Human Resources Management. Chicago: Commerce Clearing House Inc., Anonymous, Top Five Non Monetary Items Employees Want in a Workplace Retrieved online on October 12, 2006 http://www.recognitionrewards.com/top_five_items.htm Ballentine, Andrew, McKenzie, Nora, Wysocki, Allen Kepner, Karl (2003), The Role of Monetary and Non-Monetary Incentives in the Workplace as Influenced by Career Stage, EDIS, Department of Food and Resource Economics, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Creech, Regina (1995), Employee Motivation, Management Quarterly, Volume 36, Issue 2 Wortman, Camille B. and Elizabeth F. Loftus. (1992) Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. How to cite Non-Monetary Rewards in the Workplace, Essay examples

This Section of the Report Focuses on the Principles Corporate Governa

Question: How Wesfarmers has been operating the Australian and New Zealand ? Answer: Introduction Wesfarmers has been operating the Australian and New Zealand markets in the chemical, mining and retail industries along with the markets for industrial and safety products. The organization is the largest company in Australia with close to 66 billion Australian Dollars revenue as per the analysis of 2016 financial year. To maintain this leadership in the corresponding markets, the management of Wesfarmers should implement effective and efficient corporate governance in the workplace, which in turn provides the employees with a set of guidelines to carry out and excel in their daily activities. Good corporate governance will allow Wesfarmers to have better control on all of its resources and better management of all its business activities. This report focuses on corporate governance which can be implemented in the workplace of Wesfarmers in order to yield a lot of value out of it and to enhance its business processes (Beekes, 2015). Principles This section of the report focuses on the principles on which the corporate governance of Wesfarmers will be based on. These principles define the guidelines to be defined as part of the corporate governance and the policies to be implemented in the workplace of the organization. These principles are mentioned below. Customer and stakeholder focus This principle allows the business model of Wesfarmers to focus on the needs and requirements of the customers and stakeholders. These needs are put at the highest priority by all the business processes of the organization, which in turn allows the customers and stakeholders to have pleasant experiences with the organization (Claessens, 2013). Equality The corporate governance should ensure that all the employees in the workplace of Wesfarmers should be treated equally. This in turn will allow the management of Wesfarmers to have a strong and motivated workforce (Larcker, 2015). Transparency All the information in the workplace of Wesfarmers will be transparent as per the corporate governance, which in turn will allow the organization to have an efficient flow of information throughout the organization. This allows the organization to maintain a strong workforce having complete knowledge of the business processes of the organization (Christensen, 2015). Business ethics This principle of the corporate governance focuses on the integrity and ethical behavior of the employees in Wesfarmers. The corporate governance will allow the employees to be integral to the organization and to have ethical behavior in the workplace (Chan, 2014). Governance model This section of the report focuses on the model of the corporate governance to be used in the workplace of Wesfarmers. Dual board The dual board model of the corporate governance will allow Wesfarmers to improve its business processes to a significant extent. With this dual board governance model, the higher management of Wesfarmers will report to the board of directors and the board of directors will be supervised by a board of supervisors (Larcker, 2015). The board of directors and supervisors will be two independent entities responsible for carrying out their duties separately. This in turn allows both the boards to have separate business activities. Board of directors This board consists of a representative of the higher management, chief executive officer and chief operational officer along with a group of executive and non-executive directors responsible for providing their opinion and suggestions. This board will have the responsibilities for designing, envisioning and approving various business strategies and policies (Tricker, 2015). The higher management of Wesfarmers will report to the board of directors about the status and operations of various departments in the business model of the organization. The board of directors will control most of the critical business decisions and will include the higher management and line management along with the individual employees in most of the decision making processes (Kim, 2013). Board of supervisors The board of supervisors of Wesfarmers consists of the members elected by the employees of the organization. These members will be responsible for monitoring the board of directors and following their decision making process. This in turn allows the board of supervisors to ensure that the board of directors is not misusing the available power and is following the corporate governance implemented in the workplace of the organization (Iliev, 2015). The board of supervisors will consist of previous executive and non-executive directors of Wesfarmers along with the representatives elected by the employees of the organization and from different departments. Legislations and regulations The corporate governance will have a major role in maintaining the adherence of Wesfarmers to the legislations and regulations applicable to the corresponding industry and market. This in turn will allow the management of the organization to ensure legal and efficient business processes of the organization. Some of these legislations and regulations are mentioned in this section of the report. Corporations Act 2001 Australian Securities and Investments Act 2001 These legislations are collectively known as Australian corporation law, which in turn defines the restrictions and guidelines for the business processes of any corporate body in the Australian markets. The corporate governance of Wesfarmers will ensure the adherence of all of the business processes to the Australian corporation law (Miglani, 2015). Along with the Australian corporation law, the business processes of Wesfarmers will adhere to the anti-corruption, the bribery act and the foreign corrupt practices act. These are a few of the legislations kept in focus by the corporate governance of Wesfarmers (Hay, 2016). Audit process The audit process is one of the major components of the corporate governance to be implemented in Wesfarmers, which covers all the business processes of the organization. The corporate governance of Wesfarmers will create an audit committee with the representatives from the employees and higher management along with a few of the directors of the organization (Bell, 2014). This committee will be responsible for auditing the business processes of the organization in regular time periods. These audit processes will be analyzed on the basis of a number of factors to define the principles of the corporate governance and to monitor the performance of the business processes on the basis of these principles. So, the audit processes included in the corporate governance of Wesfarmers will include the activities of checking whether equality, transparency and business ethics are maintained in the workplace along with customer and stakeholder focus (Bain, 2016). Board committees The corporate governance of Wesfarmers will allow the creation of several other committees in the workplace of the organization in order to support the activities of the board of directors and the board of supervisors. These committees are mentioned in this section of the report. Audit committee Responsible for the audit processes carried out in the workplace to monitor the adherence of the business processes to the government policies CSR committee Responsible for setting the CSR goals and carrying out the CSR activities as part of the business model of Wesfarmers (Young, 2014) Investment committee Responsible for all the investment decisions taken by the organization and works with the board of directors to finalize the investments Nomination committee Responsible for the nomination processes carried out in different departments of Wesfarmers, which in turn leads to various critical business decision making processes Remuneration committee Responsible for the management of the remunerations of the human resources in the workplace of Wesfarmers Risk committee Responsible for the identification, analysis and management of the risks in the business processes of Wesfarmers along with the recommendations provided to the board of directors to create or update the organizational policies (Whincop, 2017) Conclusion This corporate governance will allow the management of Wesfarmers to streamline the business processes in the workplace of the organization. As mentioned in the report, the corporate governance of Wesfarmers will focus on all the components of its business model, which in turn will allow the management to ensure effective and efficient execution of the business processes in the workplace of Wesfarmers. So, the implementation of this corporate governance in the workplace of Wesfarmers will in turn lead to enhancement of the business processes in terms of quality and performance, which leads to more profit. This corporate governance will allow Wesfarmers to yield more revenue out of the business processes and to gain leadership in the corresponding industries and markets (ArAs, 2016). References ArAs, G. (2016).A handbook of corporate governance and social responsibility. CRC Press. Bain, N., Band, D. (2016).Winning ways through corporate governance. Springer. Beekes, W., Brown, P., Zhang, Q. (2015). Corporate governance and the informativeness of disclosures in Australia: a re?examination.Accounting Finance,55(4), 931-963. Bell, R. G., Filatotchev, I., Aguilera, R. V. (2014). Corporate governance and investors' perceptions of foreign IPO value: An institutional perspective.Academy of Management Journal,57(1), 301-320. Chan, M. C., Watson, J., Woodliff, D. (2014). Corporate governance quality and CSR disclosures.Journal of Business Ethics,125(1), 59-73. Christensen, J., Kent, P., Routledge, J., Stewart, J. (2015). Do corporate governance recommendations improve the performance and accountability of small listed companies?.Accounting Finance,55(1), 133-164. Claessens, S., Yurtoglu, B. B. (2013). Corporate governance in emerging markets: A survey.Emerging markets review,15, 1-33. Hay, D., Stewart, J., Botica Redmayne, N. (2016). The Role of Auditing in Corporate Governance in Australia and New Zealand: A Research Synthesis. Kim, E. H., Lu, Y. (2013). Corporate governance reforms around the world and cross-border acquisitions.Journal of Corporate Finance,22, 236-253. Larcker, D., Tayan, B. (2015).Corporate governance matters: A closer look at organizational choices and their consequences. Pearson Education. Iliev, P., Lins, K. V., Miller, D. P., Roth, L. (2015). Shareholder voting and corporate governance around the world.Review of Financial Studies,28(8), 2167-2202. Miglani, S., Ahmed, K., Henry, D. (2015). Voluntary corporate governance structure and financial distress: Evidence from Australia.Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics,11(1), 18-30. Tricker, R. B., Tricker, R. I. (2015).Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA. Whincop, M. J. (2017).Corporate governance in government corporations. Routledge. Young, S., Thyil, V. (2014). Corporate social responsibility and corporate governance: Role of context in international settings.Journal of Business Ethics,122(1), 1-24.

Ben frankiln and the US dream essays

Ben frankiln and the US dream essays It has always been a common belief in this country that there is nothing that cannot be obtained through hard work and diligence. This is a belief that America was founded on and leaned against during its hardest times. Ben Franklin certainly believed in this, in fact he conducted his life by those very ideas. Franklins autobiography reads more like a self-help book rather than a life story It is one that tells not just how to live as a good person, but how to live as an American. Ben Franklin is not shy about his self opinion, he is aware if the success and prestige he has obtained in his life and is more than happy to let people know the secret of his success. Similarly Franklins attitude towards America are much like his self opinion, proud and boastful of being the best. Franklin sees America as a free market of open competition where the strong survive to be number one. This is true of both the country and its people, and reflects Franklins support of capitalism. The America of Ben Franklin was one where anyone could come to get away from their problems and start a new life in freedom if you were willing to work for it. Franklin makes it evidently clear that he came from rather meager beginnings and was a self-made man. This idea of rags to riches and the ability of anyone to have success only becomes more profound a belief decades after Franklins death.. Franklins America was one of a common idea of building a new nation versus the idea of self-betterment and doing what it takes to be successful. Throughout his autobiography Franklins description of how he lives his daily life can be compared to the regiment of most early Americans: work hard, succeed, gain on edge on your fellow man, and dont stop until youve reached the top. With all this boasting about being so successful, on may see Franklin as gloating a bit. Well why shouldnt he be, he would not be...

How To Be and Not To Be Is The Question †English Essay

How To Be and Not To Be Is The Question – English Essay Free Online Research Papers How To Be and Not To Be Is The Question English Essay To be or not to be; this appears to be a simple question that people deal with every day. However, there are matters that are just not as simple as I want them to be, or I should say I tend to complicate the simplest matters. I am a paradox; my actions and thoughts are often contentious; they are to be and not to be. The vital qualities that I look for in a best friend are honesty, trustworthiness, and the ability to â€Å"touch† my soul; and of course, I expect the same of myself. Yet, recently I started to doubt the existence of such best friends. The qualm was rooted from an event that happened between my best friend Crystal and I, and a boy named Kou. It is similar to a typical soap opera, when a boy comes between two best friends. Ironically, Crystal and I never really argued over Kou, because she never knew that I liked him, at least not until later. I liked Kou for several years before I figured that Crystal also liked him, I thought of telling her at first but hesitated because the situation between him and me was ambiguous, nothing ever happened over the several years. Furthermore, I was about to come to the U.S at that point, which would be nonsense for me to start a relationship with him, so I thought I could just give up and therefore prevent a possible grudge. Unfortunately, the matter was not as smooth as I expected it to be. I wanted to distance myself from Kou, but I became even closer to him due to my brainless agreement to Crystal that I would hook them up. Unexpectedly, the role of being the match maker brought him and me closer instead, and he ended up to like me, that was when I realized that I have made a huge mistake. Kou’s confession gave me nothing but the feeling of remorse, I was totally disgusted at my own insensitivity. He wouldn’t have liked me if I had just refused to help Crystal, yet it was too late to amend anything. Although I never went out with Kou, I always have a sense of guilt when I am around Crystal. Crystal found out later that Kou and I liked each other, and was shocked, but she believed that it was not my fault. Her trust only worsened my guiltiness. I lost faith in the term â€Å"best friend,† how can I expect others to meet the so-called vital qualifications if I failed to meet them my self. I am always perceived as a reticent girl that strives to be perfect, and the girl that would freak out over a â€Å"B†, however, this is not who I truly am. It would be wrong to say that I strived to be perfect for my parents, but they do account for a large proportion of my changes in attitudes. I was a true rebel; I often did what was forbidden simply to demonstrate my defiance of taboos. Nevertheless, I came to realized that my parents worked arduously year after year, only for the sake of providing me a brighter future, I knew it was time for me to stop and think about what I could do for them. Their unconditional deeds were an immense pressure. Each day, the aging and tiring that appeared on their faces would urge me to work the hardest possible. I need a better education to get a better job, and then I will be able to afford the best condition for my parents. With this goal in mind, I forced myself to do everything right, to follow the rules, and to keep my mind focus on school. As part of me wanted to relax, the other part forced me to work; as part of me wanted to do something crazy and dumb, the other part stopped me before I could even step a toe out of the line; as part of me wanted a simple life, the other part forced me to pursue power and wealth. As days progress, I lose myself, I do not know what I want anymore, the passage to the future is so dark and daunting that I am groping for the unobtrusive exit. I am the kind of person that avoids showing any weaknesses; therefore I get scared whenever my friends try to get â€Å"closer† to me. Intimate relationships are too vulnerable to betrayal. Ironically, despite how much I hate the feeling of vulnerability, I tend to seek for friends to share my insecurities. But to share my insecurities means to show my weaknesses, the two contradicting actions barred me from doing either of the two. My contradicting thoughts prevented any possible improvements that I could have achieved. Whenever I come across a problem, I want to ask for help because clearly that is the only way I can improve. Nonetheless, I become too ashamed of my own stupidity that I cannot ask for any help, I am too ashamed to even look straight into the teachers’ eyes. It is possible that I am in some way similar to Billy Milligan, the â€Å"famous† murderer that claimed to have 24 different personalities. Paradox is the product of my diverse personalities. Hence, it is unnecessary to argue over myself, I will just have to accept every part of me, and the fact that each part responds to a situation differently, and appears differently when dealing with different people. Research Papers on How To Be and Not To Be Is The Question - English EssayEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Hockey GameHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayStandardized TestingArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Bringing Democracy to AfricaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductHip-Hop is ArtAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Exchange Rate Considerations- DB4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Exchange Rate Considerations- DB4 - Essay Example A stable money supply plays a crucial role in economic growth. Excessive circulation of currency results in inflation while an insufficient circulation of currency makes it more difficult for consumers and firms to obtain credit to finance large purchases and business expansions. Given that the United States, the European Union, and Japan are the world richest economies as at the time of the ranking, Ben Bernanke, Jean-Claude Trichet, and Masaaki Shirakawa have considerable influence on the stability and growth of the global economy. In the United States, the Federal Reserve System (Fed) controls the monetary policy through the Federal Open Market Committee with Mr. Ben S. Bernanke as the Chairman. As mentioned above, the ultimate goal of the monetary policy actions of the FRS is to promote sustainable economic growth and stability through control of the availability of currency and credit. Whatever affects the flow of currency ultimately affects the interest rates and the economic p erformance.

An outline marketing plan for the next year for Atlantic Quench 306 Essay - 2

An outline marketing plan for the next year for Atlantic Quench 306 - Essay Example Moreover, alliance with brands like Coca-Cola and Gerber has also boosted the market presence of Atlantic Quench. The marketing plan for the concerned firm focuses on developing a new product for entering the mass consumer market and providing the consumers a cheaper alternative against highly priced pure juices. With an aim to sell 250000 units of 250 ml tetra packs of the new product, Atlantic Quench will begin by streamlining the functional aspects of the company to reduce their cost. The product introduction is developed with differentiation focus and the control of the marketing activities will focus on cost leadership. Based on this, the price skimming has been selected as the pricing strategy. The budget developed also reflects the estimated earnings and expenses for the new product segment of Atlantic Quench in the next 4 years. With appropriate market presence and brand development activities for creating consumer awareness, Atlantic Quench can enter the global market of jui ce and nectar segment. Atlantic Quench operates in the fruit industry mainly in its home market i.e. US and is a co-operative business process. Established in the year 1934, the co-operative has become one of the most famous brands in agricultural product market with their extensive and highly demanded product base. Jointly owned by 630 cranberry and 46 grape fruit farmers, the production channel of the company is also steady and growing. As the co-operative saw the demand of their products growing in the market, they entered the retail sector with bottled fruit juices. However, the primary concern of the business is related to control its growth in an organised manner and also ensure a good relationship with the farmers. In order to overcome the financial crunch, Atlantic Quench CEO Chuck Berry decided to develop the brand of the company by converting into a full-fledged business houses. Atlantic

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Case Study Of Adidas Management Essay

Case Study Of Adidas Management Essay Adidas is a Germany shoe, clothing and apparel company that also own Reebok, Taylor Made and Rockport. Adidas is the largest sportswear company in Europe and is the second only to Nike as the largest sportswear company in the world. The company sports the recognizable logo of three slanted parallel bars of ascending height. Adidas was founded in 1924 by Adolf Dassler, but it did not become a fully registered company until 1940. Its headquarters are located in Herzogenaurach, Germany, the hometown of its founder. Although many believe that Adidas stands for All day I dream about soccer the true origin of the name comes from the amalgamation of Adolfs nickname, Adi, and the first three letter of his last name. Adidas specializes in the design and manufacturing of footwear, sportswear, sports equipment and, yes, even toiletries, most notably, deodorant. However, the company first gained international recognition in 1936 at the Summer Olympic in Berlin, where it outfitted U.S. track star Jesse Owens with its track shoes. Owens won four gold medals in the games. With a specifically stated Corporate Strategy, the company needs to ensure that their organizational structure will allow for and be flexible to this strategy being sought after. Their objectives outlined in the corporate strategy ensure the mission statement will translate into action, while also guiding and coordinating decisions. There is no purpose in having well thought out strategic objectives, but no structure and cohesion to attain these objectives. The Adidas Group comprises of a four person executive board, including one Chief Executive Officer and three board members representing the shareholders and six members representing the staff. The Supervisory Board advices and supervises the executive board in matter concerning the management of the company. It is the role of the supervisory board to ensure that the pathway and vision determine by the executive board is forthrightly followed by the rest of the organization from the top, all the way down to those entrusted with man ufacturing their products. The strengths of ADIDAS are strong management team and good corporate strategy in North American and overseas markets, brand recognition and reputation, diversity and variety in productions offered on the web (footwear, apparel, sporting, equipment, etc.), strong control over its own distribution channel, strong customer base, and strong financial position with minimal long term debts. Weakness of ADIDAS is negative image portrayed by poor working condition in its overseas factories, and E-commerce is limited to USA. 2.0 Management Organisation and the management activities necessary for the functioning of the organisation, management can be defined as the process of planning, organizing, leading and controlling the resources of the organisation to predetermined stated organizational goals as productively as possible. A concise description of each of the fundamental management functions will further explain the concept of management and the nature of the management process. Planning Controlling Leading Organising Resources Human Financial Physical Information Performance Achieve goals Products Services Productivity Profit Figure 1 the four fundamental management functions constituting the management process. 2.1 Planning Planning is the first step of the function of management. Planning involves deciding in advance what has to be done, when, how and whom it has to be done and how the results are to be evaluated. The function of what has to be done involves identification of alternatives and selection of one of them. According to Henri Fayol, it is the plan of action to be followed, the stages to go through and methods to use. It is kinds of future picture wherein proximate events are outlined with some distinctness whist remote events appear progressively less distinct. The term planning has been defined by different management thinkers who laid emphasis on the various features of planning. According to George R. Terry, planning is the selecting and relating of facts and the making and using of assumptions regarding the future in the visualization and formulation of proposed activities believed necessary to achieve the desired results. A plan is like a map, when you following a plan, you can always see how much you have progressed towards your project goal and how far you are from your destination. Knowing where you are is essential for making good decisions on where to go or what to do next. The most important is to ensure that everyone is clear of what to accomplish. Planning meaning is how setting goals and defining the actions necessary to achieve the goals, in light of the situation. That is situation must be analyses or understood and the appropriate goals and actions must be determined in order to take advantage of opportunities and how to solve problems. Basic management function involving formulation more than one detailed plans to achieve optimum balance of needs or demands with available resources. First, the planning process is identifies the goals or objectives to be achieved and formulates strategies to achieve them. The Managers throughout the organization must develop goals, strategy, and operational plans for their work groups that contribute to the success of the organizations as a whole. Planning is also crucial for meeting your needs during each action with your time, money, or other resources. With careful planning you often can see if at some point you are likely to face a problem. It is much easier to adjust your plan to avoid overcome crisis, rather than to deal with the crisis when it comes unexpected time. Example Adidas plans to expand their operations in Europe, so they need consultation to the Government of Germany. They have been granted landing rights in Paris and are awaiting further details from authorities. In addition, planning has a different meaning depending on the political or economic context in which it is used. Two attitudes to planning need to be held in tension on the one hand we need to be prepare for what may lie ahead, which may mean contingencies and flexible processes. There is one thing on which every manager can expect to be appraised, the extent to which he or she archives his or her units goals or objectives. Whether its a work team or a giant enterprise, the manager in charge is expected to move the unit ahead, and this means visualizing where the unit must go and helping het there. Organization exits to achieve some purpose, and if they fail to move forward and achieve their aims, to that extent they have failed. On the other hand, our future is shaped by consequences of our own planning and actions. Planning in organization and public policy is both the organizational process of creating and maintaining a program. In the psychological process of thinking about the activities required to set a desired target or goal on some scale. Business planning is like water to a thirsty plant. It keeps our business vital and thriving. Without business planning, business will never improve as it could may even lose or bankrupt. Many small business or stall owners dont have the business planning so they cant earn so much profit when their doing business. Their business unable further progress and stagnant it is, eventually as to close to close shop or behind other competitors. The rapid of change in todays business world and globalization is making it increasingly necessary that mangers keep their plans current. Strategic management is the application of the basic planning process at the highest levels of the organization. Through the strategic management process, top management determines the long-run direction and performance of the organization by ensuring careful formulation and strategies. For example, top management may ask middle and lower-level managers for inputs when formulation top-level plans. Once top-level plans have been finalized, different organizational units may be asked to formulate plans for their respective areas. A proper strategic management process helps ensure that plans throughout the different levels of the organization are coordinated and mutually supportive. The slogan of Adidas is Impossible is Nothing. The mission of Adidas is to be Best Sport Brand in the world. They had achieved the mission but in this strong competitive era, too many company like Nike and Reebok also want to be globally recognized brand, but they will work hard to achieve their goals. Adidas is passionate about all sports. So Adidas Company will try their best for planning new product or equipment for athletes. As part of their End-to-End Planning initiative they have been focusing on implementing an optimized demand planning process and system more than 20 countries in Europe. They standardized or partially automated certain planning functions to increase forecast accuracy. Following the first wave of implementations in 2008, they continued the roll-out to the remaining European countries throughout 2009. Hereafter, they expect to continue the roll-out to other key Adidas Group markets such as Japan. They set up a dedicated Profitability Management department to monitor macroeconomics trends, forecast the impact on product and supplier cost and devises their supply chain profitability strategy. In addition, their development teams also contribute significantly to this initiative by engineering their products with a stronger focus on price. Throughout 2009, they also engaged their supplier with the aim to increase transparency and predictability in costing. Such as, they closely tracked raw material costs and leveraged this information to consolidate volumes. This allowed them to negotiate more effectively and offset cost increase. In addition, their sourcing teams improved their products allocation process to better utilize suppliers capabilities and take into account of total supply chain cost. Moreover, by leveraging consolidated volumes, their Transport and Customs team success negotiated reduced transportation cost and optimized shipment routes with their service providers. In conclusion, planning is very important for the organization to achieve their goals and objectives. Especially, current globalization every organization is using latest technology to do the market analyses and compressive planning. In order for them to survive and growth, for example, in year 2008, financial crisis, many banks in US will decline bankrupt. This is because of their poor planning. 2.2 Organising According to Haimann, Organisation is the process of defining and grouping the activities of the enterprise and establishing the authority relationship among them. The study of Haimann mentioned definitions makes it clear that on the one hand organization is a process to define and classify the functions to be performed for the attainment of the objectives of the organization, and on the other hand, it is an art to establish sweet relationship among different persons. There are two concept are prevalent about organisation. In the other word, there are two meaning of organization: Organising as process: According to the first concept of organising, it has been considered as a process. In the other word, organising is not function that can be performed at a single stroke, but it is a chain of various functions. It includes getting information about objectives, deciding various activities and grouping them, determining important activities, allowing authority and responsibility, etc. Organising is related to human being and human conduct is deeply affected by the condition of work, their competency and capability, changes in the internal and external environment of the organisation. The process of organising has also to be changed according these changes. Hence, organising as a process can also be described as dynamic element. Organising s a structure of relationship: according to this concept, organising is treated as a structure of relationship. Under this various posts are created or established and the mutual relationship of employees working on various posts, their authorities and responsibilities are defined. Relationship lays down as to who is the superior and who is the subordinate. Various posts in different department of the organization are mostly permanent. Therefore, organisation as a structure of relationship is called static element. So far as the similarity between both the concepts is concerned, business organisation is looked upon as a group of different parts under both the concepts. These parts are both tangible (like human, material, machine and money) and intangible (like authority, responsibility, function and objective). Both the concepts lay stress upon the establishment of relationship between these two parts. On the contrary, there are certain different between both the concepts. According to the concept of organizing as a process organizing is that function which continues throughout the existence of the enterprise and changes go on taking place in it. Herein man is the central point. In the other words, many factors affect them and changes have to be introduced accordingly. On the other hand, according to the concept of organizing as a structure of relationship, posts are established in the organisation and authorities and responsibilities of each post are determined. Therefore, here under this concept more attention is paid to post which are stable than to men. In order to complete the organisation function of management, there are eight steps had to be taken. First step in the process is to know about the objectives of the enterprise. Although the determination of the objectives of an enterprise is done under the first function of management, i.e., planning but before commencing the process of organizing clear and detailed information about these objectives has to be obtained. On the basis of the information about objectives various function designed to achieve these objectives are determined. For example, it can be the objectives of the enterprise to produce sport shoes. In this respect information about how many types of sport shoes will be manufactured, whether the necessary parts required for manufacturing sport shoes will be manufactured or purchased, how extensive the sales area will be or will it be state, the whole country or international? After having learnt about the objectives of the enterprise, necessary functions to achieve t he objectives are determined. For example, a sport shoes manufacturing company can have different activities like purchase of raw material, purchase of manufactured parts production, advertisement, sales, arrangement of finance, research, accounts, correspondence, keeping stock of material, recruitment of employees, etc.. In order to achieve the objectives of the enterprise grouping of various activities is done. Under the grouping of activities all the similar type of activities are given to one particular department. For example, the activities like the purchase of raw material, purchase of ready-made parts, production, stocking the material, research, etc., are assigned to the production department. Similarly, advertisement and sales activities are given to the marketing department and department of finance take care of finance account and correspondence. Taking into consideration the importance and quantity of the work a department can be further divided into many branches or su b-departments. For example, under the department of production, purchase department, stock department, and research department, etc., can be established to get the benefit of specialization. It makes the optimum utilisation of human and material resources possible. The forth step is to key activities signifies the importance of this activities in the achievement of the objectives of the enterprise. Such an activities needs special attention. It depends on the objectives on the organisation to determine the key activity. Thus, in all the organisations key activity can be different. In the given example of a sport shoes producing company the main problem can be of advertisement because only an effective and large scale advertisement can attract the attention of the consumers toward a new product. Thus, in this case the function of advertisement is the key activity which requires the utmost attention. For this purpose the advertisement activities should be taken from the purview of the marketing department and be handed over to the newly created advertisement department so that the superior officers are in direct touch with this department and they are in a position to pay full attention to it. After dividing the various activities into different departments and sub-departments and having determined the activity that each individual is expected to perform, his responsibility is fixed. In other words, what they are to do for the attainment of the objectives of the organisation. For example, the purchase manager will be given the responsibility for the purchase of goods; the sales manager will be responsible for sales; the advertising manager will be responsible for advertisement and the finance manager will take care of the responsibility of finance. A person who is saddled with a responsibility must be given some authority too. Authority means the freedom of taking decision, guiding the subordinates and the freedom of supervising and controlling. Authority should be in proportion to the work or responsibility. If the responsibility is greater than the authority given and is insufficient to cope with the responsibility, the responsibility cannot be discharged successfully. F or example, if a marketing manager is assigned the responsibility of increasing sales but has not been given the authority to appoint sales representatives needed for the job, the increase in sales cannot be expected. So long as the authority to discharge the responsibility is not given, the person concerned has not accountability. It is only after granting authority to an individual that he can be made accountable. When two or more than two persons work for the attainment o common goals their inter-relationship must be defined very clearly. Everybody should know who is his superior and who is his subordinate? For example, the purchase manager will be the superior for all the employees of the purchase department. They will receive order from him and will also be responsible to him. On the other hand, the purchase manager will get orders from the General Manager and will be responsible to him. Defining clearly the inter-relationship helps in establishing coordination. Organising it i s not only such an activity which includes determination of activities; and the defining of the inter-relationship but it also ensure the optimum utilisation of human resources by providing physical resources and the right environment. For example, the factory and the office should be located at a proper place so that the employees can perform better. 2.3 Leading Leading is influencing people so that they will contribute to the organisation and group goals; it has to do predominantly with the personal aspect of managing. All managers would agree that their most important problems arise from people-their desires and attitudes, their behavior as individuals and in groups-and those effective managers also need to be effective leaders. Since leadership implies followership and people tend to follow those who offer a means of satisfying their own needs, wishes, and desires, it is understandable that leading involves motivation, leadership styles and approaches, and communication. The leading and motivation function is concerned with the human resources within an organisation. Specifically, leading is the process of influencing people to work toward a common goal. Motivation is the process of providing reasons for people to work in the best interest of an organisation. Together, leading and motivation are often referred to as directing. We have already noted the importance of an organisations human resources. Because of this importance, leading and motivation are critical activities. Obviously, different people do thing for different reasons, then they have different motivation. The managerial function of leading is management as the art of getting things done willingly, with and through other individuals. Management is concerned with two key aspects, i.e., material resources or things and human resources or individuals. Material resources are susceptible to scientific or mechanical treatment because they are subject to the laws of mechanics. However, human resources cannot be subject to such treatment. Through the power of leadership and the science of cooperation, managers may evolve n effective method of integrating the interest of individuals and the business organisation. Management can expert its power with or through individuals but never over them. In other words, authority may be imposed by managers from above. However, authority should be supported, nourished and recognized by the subordinates from below for it to be meaningful and for it to work smoothly. The source of the power of management is the medium of leading, motivating, teaching, influencing, counseling, coaxing, delegating, and setting an example. Therefore, a manager plans, organizes, leads and control the employees working with him or her. The master key which leads to successful management of any business enterprise is motivation. It is responsible for ensuring productivity of human resources. It can make an individual carry out a particular activity. Thus, it assumes great importance in modern business management. Employees can be motivated by financial and non-financial incentives. The power of motivation is enhanced by effective communication and participation. Proper informatio n feedback is essential for effective motivation and leading. Leaders are a special breed of individuals who can move people toward the attainment of established goals. Such power does not emanate through the use of force or fear. Only dictators apply force in order to lead people. True leaders inspire and motivate people to perform activities in line with the objectives of the organisation. According to the theory of Fiedler. Fred Fiedler assumes that it is not easy for managers to be flexible in their styles of management, especially if their management style has made them successful as managers. He argues that any attempt to change a managers style of leadership to conform to changing situation that help in determining effective leadership. These are leader-member relation. This is the most important influence on the effectiveness of the manager. A manager who is loved and respected by his subordinate can easily motivate them to accomplish the tasks. He does not have to use formal power on his subordinates. The task structure can clear-cut and step by step procedures or instructions on tasks provide the manager a greater authority. He can measure work performance. On the other hand, if instructions are not clear, subordinates may disagree or question such instructions. Besides that, the position power also important. The power of the person depends on his position. Fo r example, presidents of corporations, comptrollers, or budget officer have high-position power. According to Path-goal theory, this was formulated by Robert House and Martin Evans. This theory is based on the expectation of rewards. The source of reward is the leader. Thus, the manager should reward the good service or performance of his subordinate in order to influence them to work on established objectives. Rewards are in the form of promotion and pays, as well as support, encouragement, security, and respect. However, leadership styles also affected the motivation to the subordinate. A leader using the suitable leadership styles will lead the subordinate makes a best task performance. Leadership was viewed as a combination of personality traits, such as self-confidence, concern for people, intelligence, and dependability. Achieving, a consensus on which traits were most important was difficult, however, and attention turned to styles of leadership behavior. In the last few decades, several styles of leadership have been identified: authoritarian, laissez-faire, and democratic. The authoritarian leader holds all authority and responsibility, with communication usually moving from top to bottom. This leader assigns workers to specific tasks and expects orderly, precise results. At the other extreme is the laissez-faire leader, who gives authority to employees. With the laissez-faire style, subordinate are allowed to work as they choose with a minimum of interference. Communication flows hor izontally among group members. Leader as laissez-faire style gives employees as much freedom as possible to develop new products. The democratic leader holds final responsibility but also delegates authorities to others, who determine work assignments. In this leader styles, communication is active upward and downward. Employee commitment is high because of participation in the decision-making process. This style of leadership use to encourage employees to become more than just rank-and-file workers. The Adidas set up their way to leading the company, to make their brand more famous. They improve their quality of product to make their product become more good and durable. Adidas not only manage their way on production, they also have a good leading in the process of production. Adidas patient to leading and manage their employee from first step process of production to the end process of production, this cause their company can become so success and famous in today. If have a good leader, is the reason that will success in any condition .So that, if need a good team is cant without a good leader. Conclusion, leading is a process that cant less when doing anything. Leading is important to organizing a group of people to achieve a common goal. When have a good leader, the team have the high percentage to complete their work with nicely or perfectly. 2.4 Controlling Controlling is the process of evaluating and regulation ongoing activities to ensure that goal are achieved. To see how controlling works, consider a rocker launched by NASA to place a satellite in orbit. Do NASA personnel simply fire the rocket and then check back in a few days to find out whether the satellite is in place? Of course not. The rocket is monitored constantly and its course is regulated and adjusted as needed to get the satellite to its destination. Controlling is the management function in which performance is measured and corrective action is taken to ensure the accomplishment of organizational goals. It is the policing operation in management, although the manager seeks to create a positive climate so that the process of control is accepted as part of routine activity. Controlling is also a forward- looking process in that the manager seeks to anticipate and prevent it. The manager initiates the control function during the planning phase, when possible deviation is anticipated and policies are developed to help ensure uniformity of practice. During the organizing phase, a manager may consciously introduce the deadly parallel arrangement as a control factor. Close supervision and a tight leadership style reflect an aspect of control. Through reward and positive sanctions, the manager seeks to motivate workers to conform, thus limiting the amount of control that must be imposed. Finally, the manager develops specific control tools, such as inspection, visible control charts, work counts, special reports, and audits. The basic control process involves three phases that are cyclic: establishing standards, measuring performance, and correcting deviation. In the first step, the specific units of measure that delineate acceptable work are determined. Basic standards may be started as staff hours allowed per activity, speed and time limits, quantity that must be produced, and number of errors or rejects permitted. The second step in the control process, measuring performance, involves comparing the work (i.e. the goods produced or the service provided) against the standard. Employee evaluation is one aspect of this measurement. In manufacturing, inspection of goods is a routine part of this process; studies of client satisfaction are key elements when services are involved. Finally, if necessary, remedial action is taken, including retraining employees, repairing equipment, or changing the quality of the raw materials used in a manufacturing process. Several features are necessary to ensure the adequacy of control process and tools: Timeliness: The control device should reflect deviation from the standard promptly, at an early stage, so there is only a small time lag between detection and the beginning of corrective action. Economy: If possible, control devices should involved routine, normal processes rather than special inspection routines at additional expense. The control device must be worth their cost. Comprehensiveness: The controls should be directed at the basic phases of the work rather than later levels or steps in the process; for example, a detective part is best inspected and eliminated before it has been assembled with other parts. Specificity and appropriateness: The control process should reflect the nature of the activity. Proper laboratory inspection methods, for example, differ from the financial audit and machine inspection processes. Objectivity: The process should be grounded in fact, and standards should be known and verifiable. Responsibility: Control should reflect the authority- responsibility pattern. As far as possible, the worker and the immediate supervisor should be involved in the monitoring and correction process. Understandability: Control devices, charts, graphs, and reports that are complicated or cumbersome will not be used readily. Controlling activities require the manager to maintain a mindset that continually looks for ways to improve individual, team, and organizational performance. Performance standards describe a model of excellence for work activities and serve as the basis of comparison between actual and desired work performance. Other important controlling functions are continual employee feedback and employee performance appraisal activities. Employee performance appraisals must be ongoing objective and based on established performance standards. A manager should never wait until the annual performance review to discuss problem or deficiencies with a staff member. Consistent, day-to-day feedback and coaching about job performance clarifies expectations, improves the quality of work, and allows the manager to correct problems before they become serious. Coordination of elements of a system is one aspect of managerial control to reach effective outcomes. Other managerial control elements are financial management, compliance, quality and risk management, feedback mechanisms, performance management, policies and procedures and research and trend analysis. These elements are used by managers to communicate to reach a goal, track activities toward the goal, guide behaviors, and coordinate efforts and decide what to do. Managerial coordination and control are important to the success of any organization (McNamare, 1999a, 1999d). Ongoing, careful review using standardized documents, informatics systems, and standardized measured avoids drift and the waste of time and resources that occur when direction is vague. Well-exercised, managerial control is flexible enough to allow innovation yet present enough to effectively structure groups and organization toward goa

The Civil Rights Movement Essay -- Black struggle for civil rights in A

"Our problem today is that we have allowed the internal to become lost in the external"   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today's world is based on appearance, and most often the goal is not as important as the means by which it is achieved. Why is this such a 'problem?' Time after time, people come to find that they have wasted their lives working towards a goal which, in the end, was never worth all that work to begin with, or they realize that they could have gone about their actions differently. The people of modern America are all about living live for the moment, taking risks, not making sacrifices, and never yielding to 'the long run'. Looking at the world of 2015, one can witness the apex of human civilization. Who can question the customs, morals, and nature of today's Americans, without arguing with results?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consider the Civil Rights Movement (1954-1991). The integration of the two races would have gone a lot easier and faster if both sides discarded their internal principles and beliefs and did their best to make the other side happy, thus creating an equal society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Until Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965, certain literacy tests restricted black voting. This was a decent attempt to meet black demands, but the act only opened voting rights to uneducated people (black and white) and put more control in their hands, which was a mistake. That now leaves the question, ?why were there so many more illiterate blacks than whites?...